̫ĸҪ֧ͳɡɡĸɺؽɣֱƽͳִIJͬ۵㡣Ȼʷ̫ѡڽʵΪ̫ˣľ۽̫ʱķչݱ䡣ͳ̫̱˹ϵɷĸ̫ڽʵ˵Ӧļֵۣ̫شͳͬʱѰת䣬ؽ̫̫¶ΪݽĸЩͬĹ۵ܸйĻΪЩĻͬڱĻŲӦִ֮ƽս˽̵̫ݱ䣬ҲΪӦƵսṩ
̵ִ̫ķ֧
ִ̫˶ķչ
ߣĽʽ
ߣ
̵ִ̫ķ֧
ڹȥִ̫ݻΪ֪ļ֧ͳɡɡĸɺؽɡҪעǣһҪЩȫڽʵ̫˼֡ĵصо̫ΪһڽӦִսЩڽ̵ˡڵ˼³ա˹ŵɯĦŵ¶̫Ӧ˼롢̫ŵȸⷽ淢˹ؼáǵĹΪ̵̫Ҫ֧ڴͳִҵƽṩҪı
1. ̵ִ̫
³ա˹ŵɯ1632-1677һλڰķ˹صĺ̫ѧҡ˹ŵɯ˼룬ڽȨķԼϵۺȻеļڹͣʹΪʱ˼֮һ1656꣬˹۵㣬˹ŵɯķ˹ص̫𣬱־봫ͳ̵̫ľѡ
˹ŵɯķѧƣΪϵȻһġҪѧУ˹ŵɯϵ۲һָ˵ġԤĴڣһֹһдڵĻζϵ˹ŵɯ˵ڽʽɷķʥԴˡʥȴͳΪڽıӦôʷĽǶȥ⣬䱻ʱIJܵʾ
˹ŵɯϵ۵Ȼ۵Լʥɷķֱս˴ͳ̵̫ĻǿԺڽȨһ˼Ӱ˺ִ̫ߺߡ̫˹ŵɯѧŲȻӰ˺˼ңѰ̵ִ̫˼̫ԵĹϵҪ
һͺĦŵ¶ɣ1729-1786Ϊ̫˶ϣΪHaskalah˼Ϊ塱Ĺؼ֣̫ʱŷ֪ʶĻչе͡ŵ¶ɳڵ¹ܣӰ֣Ϊһλѧңһ̫̫֮Ļߡ˹ŵɯͬŵ¶ɱ˶̫ɷʵǼ̫ɷͬʱҲ̫ҲӵԺִ˼롣
ŵ¶ƷҮ·䡷1783̵̫Ŀ̫һֽڽ̣ǿ̫̲˼ԡݼļֵͻΪ̵̫Ķ֮ҪضĽΪһְҵݣʹ̫˿ڲڽݵ£ֲᡣŵ¶Ϊ̫ɷӦأͬʱҲ֧ĻΪ̵̫ʵ˼벢ڳͻ
ŵ¶ڶִ̫̽ͬʱĵڽʵΪ̫˼δͳִ֮Ĺϵ춨˻˼Ӱ˸ĸ̫̣ҲӰͳɶIJֻӦǰѰʹ̫̽һӦִϸhalakhah̫ɷͬʱ֪ʶŵ¶ɵĹΪ̫˼춨˻Ӱ̵ִ̫ĸ֧жõ֡
֮˹ŵɯŵ¶Ϊ̵̫Ҫ֧Ϊǵ˼ִ̫֪ʶĻսʱֲͬӦԷʽ˹ŵɯͨȵȨһֽȻͬϵ۹ۣΪ̫ͳее춨˻Ȼ˼ԣΪЩ̫ɷִеĽɫ˼ƽ˵·
ŵ¶ͼ̫ͳ˶ļֵ۽ƽ⡣չʾһϵ̫ͽͬʱҲԲִС̫ӴͬʱҲǵڽݣһսƶ19ͺ20ĸɡͳɡԼִͳ̵̫γɡͨ˹ŵɯŵ¶˼֣̽Ǹ̫ӦִսԼǵ˼Ϊ̫˼ṩЩк;ʾá
2. ĸ̫
ĸ̫19ͳĵ¹ͷ˸ij̫ʼᵽ̫Ļս̫ڻùȨԽԽŷᣬˣΪͳ̫ʵѲִ硣ˣĸͼһ˼ִŷֵݵ̡̫
DzǸ1810-1874ĸ˶Ĺؼ֮һڷ˸ΪһԼ̫ѧߡΪ̫̲һɲڽ̡Ϊ̫ɷhalakhahʷı仯дδֹͣݻδӦչڸǸ˵̫һֽ͵µڽ̣Ӧֵ죬ڽʽһϵиĸ̫õʹõٶʽصɷĹעǿ̵̫άȵȵȡ
ܸǸĸ봫ͳ̫̳˶ѣɶ̫ѧߺ˼ҵĴͳʮϤ֮һСǸ12̫ѧĦ£1138-1204壬½̫˼롣ȻǸΪ»ڡľ¡ϿķɿѾִ̫˵ĸ̫̻ͼϣ1040-1105Ĵͳͱ־룬ԭϣеעͱΪȥϵùڽܣǸĸͼԽġȻǸͬʱҲܵ˼˹ŵɯӰ죬˹ŵɯȨķԼڽ̽ǿ˸ĸ̶̫̫ɷĹ۵㡣⣬ŵ¶ɶ̫˼ںŬҲΪǸԸִ̫̿٣ṩ˷
3. ͳ̫
ͳ̫ͨΪǶԸĸ̫ĻӦʵǻԭġ෴̫ĴͳʵѭŶ̫ɷȨijŵԸĸ19ĸĸͳ̫̲òݽб绤ͳΪӦڸĸɳ֮ǰ̫ʵϻƵġͳɡһ£ˣǶšʥԴԼ̫ɷеԼԡ
ĸ̵̫ʹͳ̸̫ȷزԼڵ¹ͶŷĦѶ1762-1839ķɭ쳶ϣ1808-1888˲ȡ̫ɷIJɸıԡѶ˹ڰµ۹İͼ˹工˵IJ˹һλȣһԡеĴ¶ֹԸǸڽ̸ĸ̫ĸ㷺Ļ
ķɭ쳶ϣڵ¹˸һͳȣ̫ͨĻײϡ(Torah im Derekh Eretz)ѧһָĴʽϣΪ̫˿ԽӴ֪ʶִᣬͬʱܲǶ̫ɷijŵòѶһϣ̫ɷĺĵλΪ̫˲ҪΪάǵڽݶִѶһϣ羴Ϊ̫ɷҪߵݡ½ԽнϵķʽΪϣԼڴͳִ֮ҵƽŬṩ˵䷶
ͳ̫ǿҷ˹ŵɯ˼ΪѧսɷȨȻϣŵ¶ɱ˶ϣŵ¶ȥ̫˶Haskalahķչֽ̬ȡҲִӴļֵϣȻĹӵ̫˶̫ɷijŵ
4. ̫
̫̽ڸĸɵļͳɵϸͳ֮䡣19ڵĵ¹ɵ˹ٵϯ˹˶1801-1875һ֮Ϊʵ֤ʷ̡̫(Positive-Historical Judaism)ѧ˶Ϊ̫ɷԼһֱݽұʷı仯չΪ̫ɷ̶ܴϲԼĸĸɲ̫ͬͼͳʵͬʱ仯
šлأ1847-1915һλǵѧߣΪŦԼ̫ѧԺJTSУ˶˼лص쵼£JTSΪ̵̫ʶ;ġлس̫ɷǾ̬ģǿԸ̫仯Ϊֱ仯̫ͳڲܵ˼ѧⲿӰ졣
̫µķϽԣ˶̫ɷ⣩ɾܾɷݱĹ۵㡣˶лؽ̫ɷΪһֻĴͳܵʷӰ졣̫ҲϣעֻͣǽΪϷչĴͳһִ֣̫ӲԿܡ˶ܵŵ¶ͼִ̫ŷĻںϵŬӰ죬˹ŵɯڽ̽Ҳǿ˱̶̫̫ɷӦʷչ
5. ؽ̫
ؽִ̫̫ķ֧20ĪϿɺķ1881-1983쵼һͳȣJTSν̣̫̲ӦýΪһڽ̣һְĻʷĴ̫Ϊһ1934꣩Ϊؽ̫˶춨˻̫ɷʥʾĹΪ̫ɷ̫ʷĻIJڿ˵̫ɷӦýݽӳ̫ͼֵۡ
ѧ۵ȻģϵΪһֵƵdzȻĴڡһ۵˹ŵɯȻأͬ˸˵ġԤϵ۸ܿߵøԶȫʥɷĸͬҲܾŵ¶ɶִ̫Ŭؽ̫ǿ̫ԺĻڽʽʹڶԴ̫ɷ̬ϳΪ̷ִ̫֧Ϊһ
6. ִͳ̫
ִͳ̫̥ںϣġ̫Ļײϡѧ20ͣγԼصִ̬ͳ̫ҪԼɪBάˣ1903-1993쵼άŦԼҶʷߴѧȺѧңչ˺ϣ˼룬ᳫѧͿѧڽʵϡΪʶĸ߳ɾͲ봫ͳ̫Ļݣܹǿ̫˵ڽ飬Լ̫ɷijŵ
άƷ¶ߡ1965ִ֮̽ĽŹϵִ̫˿̫ɷͬʱ뵽СΪ˼̫ɷϵĵ䷶Եؿͳ̫ıϣע͡
ά˶ŵ¶ɵ̬ȽΪӡŵ¶ɶ̵̫ı绤Լڴͳ֮ѰƽŬά˶̫˶֮Ƴ̬ȡΪŵ¶ɱһֱ佫̫˼͵Ŭ̫˶̫ɷijŵά˶ԣŵ¶ɵŲеԴҲǾʾĽѵ˹ŵɯά˵̬Ϊͬ˹ŵɯ̫ɷķϵ۵Ȼ۵㣬ΪЩ̫ڽĻȻά˺˹ŵɯڽȨУͳ̫ԺԣͳܹӦִѧս
7.
ĸɡͳɡɡؽɺִͳ̵̫ķչӳִ̫˼ص㡣˶̫˵Ľٵÿһ˶ǶԲͬʱĶսĻӦĸ̫Ѱִֵ̫۵ͳһͳּ̫ʹڲϱ仯ִУ̫ɷҲӦ䴫ͳʵɸı䡣̫ߵм·ߣشͳĿʷзչؽ̫̫̽¶ΪһĻִͳɣѰͳڽʵִϡܵ˵Щ˶ӳ̫̽ͬķʽŬڹϴͳִ֮ҵƽ⡣
